Essay on Adolf Hitler Leadership Effectiveness - 2801 Words

ADOLF HITLER Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler, regardless of his wrong doings and the obvious evil that he empowered, was one of the great leaders of our time and changed the way that our society looked at war. The fact that Hitler came from a front-line soldier with no real future in a leadership role to the chancellor of Germany and the commander of a great army shows his great will and ability to meet his goals and to manipulate people to achieve a vision. The reason that I chose Hitler as the subject for this paper was because of the great impact that he had on our world over the last century and also to take a look at just how he could convince not only his nation but other allies to carry out his ill-will towards Russia and the Jews.†¦show more content†¦Not only did Hitler give these orders, but if they were not followed exactly as they were given, the subordinates were severely punished. There is a clear emphasis on the task at hand, with little regard for the soldiers involved. These orders did no t only extend to his army. Hitler (or subordinates acting through Hitler) had the same mentality no matter who he was talking to. The entire country was to do as they were told or they would suffer the consequences. Hitler also did not like or trust his soldiers or his generals. Fitting the leadership grid, the only time that he ever really spoke to these people was to give them orders to follow. One other thing to look at in the style approach was Hitlers ability to manipulate people into thinking that he was their friend (or at least not a threat) in order to achieve his goals. Hitlers primary goal was to expand Germany and to take over a part of Eastern Russia. In light of this goal, Hitler made sub-goals that involved eliminating certain armies that would hinder in his goals. Knowing that Germany had just been defeated in WWI, Hitler used that as an excuse to build up his army and through manipulative discussion and empty promises of peace, Hitler soon had a naval fleet outside of Britain and troops mobilizing to prepare for battle. Hitler was shown some opposition to rebuilding the army by such countriesShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler And Winston Churchill962 Words   |  4 PagesLeaders are the largest mechanism in moving towards and achieving a goal. Two examples of high-profile leaders are Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill. Adolf Hitler was an autocratic/authoritarian leader. An autocratic leader is directive and doesn’t involve members in the decision-making process. In practice, Adolf Hitler maintained his leadership powers at all times. He consolidated the powers of the government into his position as Chancellor and Fuhrer of Germany, or the Reich Chancellor of GermanyRead MoreLeadership Is Not Changed Over The Course Of Time952 Words   |  4 PagesThe definition of leadership has not changed over the course of time. Through a compare and contrast method of analysis, one can glean the common traits of a leader from Shakespeare’s Macbe th, Thomas More’s Utopia, and Queen Elizabeth’s speech to the Spanish Armada. Leadership can be defined as a person who is able to relate to their subjects, accept their responsibilities as a leader, and has a following of supportive people. In Queen Elizabeth’s speech to her troops at Tilbury, she evinces herRead MoreWhy Germany Lost the World War Two946 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Germany Lost the World War 2 After WW I Germany had many economic and political problems that allowed Adolph Hitler to become ruler of Germany. After Hitler appointed himself chancellor he started rebuilding the German military. After years of no international response to breaking the Treaty of Versailles Germany attacked Poland. From 1939 to 1941 Germany had won many victories; however 1941 was a turning point in the war. By the end of 1941 Germany would continuously lose land to the alliesRead MoreThesis statement: Leadership depends on the leader’s leadership style and there way of1300 Words   |  6 PagesThesis statement: Leadership depends on the leader’s leadership style and there way of communicating ideas rather than the leader themselves. Both women and men believe in similar leadership styles however women prefer a more participative leadership approach. According to organisational behaviour by McShane, leadership is defined as influencing, motivating and enabling others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members (page 382, McShane).BecomingRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Leader?1609 Words   |  7 PagesIs there agreement across time and cultures as to what makes a good leader? Abstract This paper explores different cultures and past decades of prominent leaders and their leadership style. Were they good or highly unfavourable in their endeavours to move and dent the hearts of the nation or effectively obtain unanimity within their organisations? It is noted throughout history the ways in which leaders chose to exhibit their power and personality. In the following findings, it is evident thatRead MoreEssay on The Required Qualities for a Good Leader of Society1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Required Qualities for a Good Leader of Society â€Å"Leadership is influence. It is the ability to obtain followers. When the leader lacks confidence, the followers have no commitment. A leader is great not because of his power, but because of his ability to empower others† – John Maxwell. This quote summarises what a good leader of society should be. It is all well and good to have a leader who is influential, but to have a leader, who is not able to stand inRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Nazi Propaganda3046 Words   |  13 PagesMaryann Ritter Dr. Megan Sethi HIS 241: World War Two 28 June 2015 The effectiveness of Nazi Propaganda There have been many varied opinions on the effectiveness of the Nazi propaganda used by Hitler and his teams of propaganda writers throughout World War II. His popularity was astounding with the German masses and grew into a frenzied state quickly. Hitler’s rise of his image was built on a fairly new manner of technology allowing more exposure to the people. This paper will examine the exponentsRead MoreAdolf Hitler as a Terrorist - 12592 Words   |  11 PagesAdolf Hitler as a Terrorist Name Institution Adolf Hitler as a Terrorist Adolf Hitler, the famous Germany dictator and leader of National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly referred to as the Nazi Party, lived between April 20, 1889 and April 30, 1945; almost exactly fifty-six years. For the first thirty years of his life, he was an obscure failure; becoming a local celebrity almost overnight before becoming a man around whom the whole world policy revolved when he became Germany’sRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Style Leadership is a process by which a person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others (Agard, 2011, p. 330). Leadership models can enable or hinder an organizations success. Additionally, leadership styles impact how effectively organizations reach their goals. When leaders understand their dominate leadership style, they can identify their strengths and weaknesses and gain insights on their abilities, values, and beliefs. In addition, understanding a leadersRead MoreTo What Extent Was Hitler Responsible for the Second World War1848 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"To what extent was Hitler responsible for the Second World War?† ‘From the first day that he seized power, January 30, 1933, Hitler knew that only sudden death awaited him if he failed to restore pride and empire to post-Versailles Germany.’[1] The Second World War was the deadliest battle in History. Figures estimate that over 59 million people were killed during its conflict. German leadership was under Adolf Hitler, a ruthless dictator who was the chancellor of Germany during the majority

Public Administration And The Public Sector - 837 Words

Old Public Administration was created to answer the questions to many unanswered problems. President Woodrow Wilson said it was â€Å"harder to run a constitution than to frame it† because of the difficult administrative tasks had to deal with. Sure enough, he was not the only person who felt that way. President Wilson believed that in order to run an effective government, ideas from the private sector should be incorporated into the public sector. He even went as far as to give input on how the government would be able to implement ideas from the private sector to the public sector. And that is to limit what hierarchical organization can do. Wilson believed that those in power would not have control of creating the policy, but they will have a handle on how the policy is implemented. Two themes stood out around the topic of Public Administration â€Å" the distinction between policy and administration, and the accountability of elected individuals who are a part of an orga nization. The second theme was around the use of structures and strategies to ensure that management work efficiency. Many had much to say when it came Wilson’s statement that â€Å" Policy and Administration† should be separate entities. A few people argued that policy and administration could not be separated because policy and administration depend on one another to work effectively. Frederick Taylor, a theorist believed that in order to enforce efficiency within an organization, a scientific managementShow MoreRelatedPublic Administration And The Non Profit Sector Essay721 Words   |  3 Pages(CII). As a receptionist, I mostly provide the day to day administration of CII front desk reception and informed parents about our Head Start program. CII is a non-profit organization, and offers many programs and services such as early childhood programs, youth growth, and family support. 3. What is your experience and involvement in public administration or the non-profit sector? Although I gained some knowledge about the public sector throughout my internship experiences, I still have the urgeRead MoreWhat Challenges Does the Traditional Public Administration Encounter in a Changing Public Sector Environment2129 Words   |  9 PagesWHAT CHALLENGES DOES THE TRADITIONAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ENCOUNTER IN A CHANGING PUBLIC SECTOR ENVIRONMENT The traditional model of public administration (TPA) remains the longest standing and most successful theory of management in the public sector which pre-dominated for most of the 20th century. The TPA can be characterized as an administration under the formal control of the political leadership which was based on a strictly hierarchical model of bureaucracy, staffed by permanent, neutralRead MorePublic And Private Management : Are They Fundamentally Alike? Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction On a macro level, public administration and business management are similar in their overall functions. â€Å"At the broadest level, some organizational theorists contend that administration is administration whatever its setting, and that the problems of organizing people, leading them and supplying them with resources to do their jobs are always the same (Kettl, 2012, p. 38).† In his paper, â€Å"Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?,† GrahamRead MoreStrategic Management And Public Sector Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesStrategic Management has picked up a maintained conspicuousness in the administration of public sectors in the previous two decades or thereabouts. Public sectors are progressively being solicited to utilize it as part from their administration systems. It has turned into an appealing administration apparatus to reformers, and as according to Bovard (2009), contends for an association to be without a t echnique is to seem directionless and clumsy. It is not an embellishment to state that, the utilizationRead MoreGood Governance And Public Sector Management1022 Words   |  5 Pageslinked to Public Sector Management and how it is developing. Public Sector Management has went through changes over the past decades: from Traditional Public Administration to New Public Management or in other words Governance and managerialism. Moving from traditional administration with emphasis on neutrality of the public, tenure, career and a structure of hierarchical authority. The New Public Management with emphasis on commercialization and privatization and other private sector concepts, theRead MoreThe Goals Of An Introductory Course Within Any Subject Field1398 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of weeks. So too, in the field of public administration that encompasses every corner of the body politic. That said, what utility is gained from such an extreme compression of information? I argue that the i ntroduction to different divisions and different methodologies within a field of study helps establish foundational principles within the minds of those students. Within our exploration into the introductory themes within public administration, we have been exposed to concepts that, IRead More How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIf you dont understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy† (Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting theRead MoreHow Does New Public Management Change The Public Sector?1344 Words   |  6 PagesHow did New Public M anagement change the public sector? New Public Management is the use of private sector and business approaches in the public sector in order to achieve efficiency, efficacy and quality in the delivery of public services. As a positive consequence of this, there have been increasingly positive changes through the reforms that have been implemented by New Public Management into the public sector. This paper will uncover these reforms by discussing the establishment, core principlesRead MoreExternal Pressure On Public Administration1124 Words   |  5 Pagesin. The first module focuses on external pressures on public administration. I learned about external forces on public administrators in Introduction to Public Administration, and Managing Change in the 21st Century. Though Introduction to Public Administration only gave a vague overview of external pressures, Managing Change gave greater detail on how there are forces outside of government, including citizens, interest groups and private sector companies who all will influence the decision makingRead MoreExternal Pressure On Public Administration995 Words   |  4 Pagesin. The first module focuses on external pressures on public administration. I learned about external forces on public administrators in Introduction to Public Administration, and Managing Change in the 21st Century. Though Introduction to Public Administration only gave a vague overview of external pressures, Managing Change gave greater detail on how there are forces outside of government, including citizens, interest groups and private sector companies who all will influence the decision making

Democracy, Education, And Legitimacy Essay - 1209 Words

Which political value do you think should be given priority in devising election reform and which reform areas do you think offer the most promise for improvising the status of the value in American political life? The American political system is incredibly convoluted, and continues to become so as constitutional rights are challenged. With civil engagement significantly lower in the United State than other reputable democracies, attempts to improve the system and increase public participation, political reformist have channeled their efforts to on the fundamental principles of US politics and other republic nations with who share the same values that are prevalent in a democracy. Throughout the semester, several of these values have been discussed however, the most important values fell under the following three categories: democracy, education, and legitimacy. When asked to explain their government officials and the system in which it operates under, a significant amount of American’s respond in ways that can only be described as cynical and repulsed. According to the Pew Research Center, â€Å"10% of Americans are what we call Bystanders, or the politically disengaged† and less than 1/5th of the population, â€Å"the lowest percentage seen in the past half-century†, can describe government as trustworthy, efficient, or altruistic (Fingerhut Pew Research Centre, 2015). With such an emergent percentage of potential-policy-influencers lacking faith, they incessantly question theShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Democracy Is Popularly Conceived As Government Of The1547 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Democracy is popularly conceived as government of the people, for the people and by the people† (Hassan, 2003). The term is used to describe a political process by which all citizens and the nation have a direct involvement in the creation of running a country and creating the policies within it. Evidently it can be argued that political apathy is a serious threat to democracy directly. Contradictory to this representative democracy selects applicable individuals to allow them to be a voice forRead MoreExamine and Assess the Ways the State Claims Legitimacy Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesExamine and assess the ways in which the state claims legitimacy. The state refers to the shared ideas and expectations regarding the ordering of social life, it is seen by social scientists as a set of practices and organisations. The state is an institutional order striving to create some order, thus preventing chaos in order to ensure law and order to encourage social stability. Governments include a part of the state, with the main concern being the protection of individual freedomRead MoreIs Democracy the Only Legitimate Form of Government?902 Words   |  4 Pages1. Evaluate the view that democracy is the only legitimate form of government A legitimate state can be defined as â€Å"A state in which its citizens have little or no significant resistance to the public policy and leadership of the state in question due to the rightful/legitimate exercise of power.† This Legitimacy of state is often a hard term to apply to any form of government in the modern political world due to the very differing cultures between the western and eastern world. However theRead MoreShould Mandatory Voting Be Banned?912 Words   |  4 Pagesthe decline in voter turn-out in the last several elections is one of great concern to Canada’s democracy. As a result, mandatory voting has gained the attention of many political scientists and political analysts. While there are good reasons to worry about Canadians’ diminishing voter turn-out, it is also fair to say that mandatory voting will not prove beneficial to the future of Canada’s democracy. Although mandatory voting will increase the voter turn-out, it will not c reate an informed voterRead MoreFamily Dynamics : An Amalgam Of Individuals, Sharing Genetic, And Social Contract1570 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease), and improvement in state legitimacy (16.8% of score increase). On the other hand, Senegal deteriorated its fragile state index score by 17.5. The primary causes for its states fragility lent to the security apparatus ( 18.1% of score decrease), poverty and economy decline (14% of score decrease), and demographic pressures (8.2% of score decrease) (Messner). From this data one can clearly see the correlation entre economy, state capacity, and state legitimacy as the primary criminal and championRead MoreEssay on American Electoral Democracy versus Chinese Communism676 Words   |  3 PagesBritain Winston Churchill said : â€Å"Democracy is the worst form of government except for all those others that have been tried.† May be he should have seen modern Chinese communism to moderate this passionate rhetoric. If we try to contrast two opposite governmental models like those of the USA and China, we will see that differences between them are not so obvious, as they might seem. American electoral democracy and Chinese communism are different in terms of legitimacy, self-correction and way to powerRead MoreGovernment Is Best, Autocracy Or Democracy1127 Words   |  5 PagesIn deciding which government is best, autocracy or democracy, one must first define their understanding of â€Å"best.† Should one be looking for structure, order, or longevity, then a reasonable response would be some variation of autocracy. However, if one is looking for a form of government which maximizes involvement from the general public and is flexible, then democracy may be a better option. Both autocracy and democracy style governments can be divided into further subcategories, such as a constitutionalRead MoreEssay about Democracy1421 Words   |  6 PagesLike a living organism, democracy must be born into a time where the parents, circumstances, are right to understand the potential of such a child, democracy, and the soil, society, may be described as the type of state that is ready to accept and nurture that child. Metaphors aside, democracy has been noted to provide a better opportunity for human development. Democracy is also commonly defined as a political system that is associated with free and fair elections. A democratic regime simply refersRead MoreA Steady Retreat from Democracy and a Growing Involvement in the European Union1692 Words   |  7 PagesA Steady Retreat from Democracy and a Growing Involvement in the European Union Heywood (2002) defines the ‘European idea’ as the belief that Europe ‘constitutes a single political community’ with shared objectives and difficulties despite its historical, linguistic and cultural differences. In the 20th century the European community essentially concerned itself with defence, peace keeping, and economic progress partly in response to the devastation caused by the SecondRead MoreAnalysis Of Joe Painter, A Political Geographer, And The National Health Service1593 Words   |  7 Pagesexist; â€Å"think of a state in which everyone acted peacefully and regarded all laws as legitimate. It would be wholly redundant!† (Hoffman, cited in Blakeley and Saward, 2009, p. 373). The state relies on its citizens to create a strong sense of legitimacy. In Northern Ireland there were two clear-cut views of the state. This is evident in murals depicting Nationalist and Republican views. These murals transitioned from opposing the political changes, to becoming more accepting and secure in the relationship

Political Communication Concepts Hillary Clinton s...

Hillary Clinton’s Campaign Political Communication Concepts LaQuana Douglas October 12,2016 Hillary Clinton’s Campaign: Political Communication Concepts Political communication (also known as psychological operations or information operations), envelops an extensive variety of open practices that have political closures. One component incorporates the direct of a powerful election campaign, to scatter the applicant s message and to counter the message of one s rivals. Governments likewise utilize promulgation systems to fabricate bolster for strategies and smother disagree. Chomsky and Herman s (2002) purposeful publicity model of the media portrays the media framework as having a progression of five progressive channels through which the crude material of news must pass, leaving a scrubbed deposit of what news is fit to print, marginalize[ing] contrary opinion (Brahm, 2008). Exemplary meaning of political communication concentrate on the source and inspiration, political communication streams out from the political circle and should have political points. In spite of this, such definition would not be totally appropriate for a large portion of present day satisfy, especially given the part of media. Along these lines advanced writings concentrate on three on three performing artists, some of whom work past the limits of any sear express, each of whom create political communication. These are: the political circle itself (they convey their activitiesShow MoreRelatedPolitical Framing As Used By Presidential Candidates1442 Words   |  6 PagesTHESIS: Political framing, as used by presidential candidates in the 2016 election, may determine the outcome of an election rather than the actual qualifications or stance on issues of the candidates themselves. The 2016 presidential election totes probably the most controversial presidential race in the history of the United States. In an attempt to sort through the rhetoric and cover, a citizen may be left perplexed at which candidate to vote for. The claims of both parties show inconsistenciesRead MoreThe President Of The United States Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesthe nation. While the calls for electors to change their vote from Trump are growing, another conversation is growing rapidly, especially among Democrats, and that is to eliminate the electoral college. With former Democratic Presidential Candidate Hillary Clinton’s popular vote count margin being at the current amount of 2,838,506 votes, a multitude of people throughout the United States are questioning the relevance in the U.S (Wasserman). Prior to the founding of the United States of America, theRead MoreAnd Gendered Politics1770 Words   |  8 PagesSNL and Gendered Politics â€Å"Here you have this serious presidential campaign, and all of us had to go on these comedy shows like Saturday Night Live, because that was the only way we could have more than a soundbite and reach a large audience, † Ralph Nader said in an interview regarding his 2000 bid for president. A 2004 study done by Pew research found that 20% of Americans between the ages of 18 to 24 regularly get their news from late night television shows, like Saturday Night Live. With satiricalRead MoreRelationship Between Female Candidates And The Media1509 Words   |  7 Pageslady figurehead, why therefore does the United States fail to follow suit? There are some data that has been compiled to explain this in the book â€Å"Rethinking Madam President†. One such possible explanation that has been given is that in times of political unrest, those that were polled thought that the idea of a woman president was a bad idea when matters of foreign policy were concerned. This same data shows that only 80% of those questioned were ok with a woman president in the aftermath of 9/11Read MoreWhy Do Executives Receive Such High Compensation And How It Affects Our Democracy?1982 Words   |  8 Pagesskewed based upon this. Many people consider this issue to be limited to only the corporate world but by hyper-inflating an executive’s salary, we give them a foot hold into other arenas of everyday society. This is particularly apparent in the political areas of society. Where there is money there is power and this is a big issue discussed in this paper. The common American employee makes nothing near what a corporate executive makes in just a single day of work, with all the money, influence, andRead MoreGraduation Speech : Education, Kander Responded, And It Is Too Expensive2001 Words   |  9 Pagesmuch debt is because of their lifestyle during school as if the extra bowl of ramen in the microwave was the reason that folks are graduating with an average of 26,0 00 dollars of debt. It s interesting to hear Senator Blunt talk about Pell grants because Senator Blunt voted to cut Pell grants five years ago and he s talking about is a situation now where he has worked to restore the funding back to where it was. He is just taking it back to where it was before he cut it. Senator, someone who sets aRead MoreThe Corrupting Influence Of Corporations On Politics2047 Words   |  9 PagesThe Corrupting Influence of Corporations on our Politics As one of the very first political bosses of the modern era once said, â€Å"There are two things that are important in politics. The first is money, and I can’t remember the second† (Bartlett, 2009). Even president-elect Donald Trump once said in 2015, â€Å"I gave to many people...When I need something from them two years later...they are there for me. And that’s a broken system† (Schwarz, 2015). The issue of money in politics has been widely recognizedRead MoreCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words   |  93 Pagesyour professor on your own to talk about that stuff?† â€Å"But I thought that the point of learning team was to help each other grasp concepts—not just work through the case questions,† Cooper pressed on. â€Å"And I could use the help.† â€Å"What if we split cases?† Onyealisi suggested. â€Å"That might make us more productive in team meetings and then we can spend more time on concepts.† â€Å"I feel like I would go back and redo your work,† Prasad said shaking his head. â€Å"After all, you didn’t even read the case for tonightRead MoreDemocracy For Realist, Christopher H. Achen And Larry M. Bartels1971 Words   |  8 Pagesmake a demanding argument about the U.S democratic election process. In short, their statistical analysis backed by social-scientific evidence concludes that public policy in America is not determined by elections. A slap in the face to decades of political science conventional wisdom as well as to the millions who still hold faith in the strong words spoken by Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"government of the people, by the people, for the people,† (Gettysburg Address, 1863). Achen and Bartels challenge two traditionalRead MoreThe Identity And Street Art5052 Words   |  21 Pagessocial class, generation, locality and any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture† (Deshmukh 600) and applying it as a comparative look between America and Germany. All three of our specific topics are prominently cemented by the conce pt of identity through the lens of art and expression. Although all of us changed our research questions more or less, our group is still all focusing on the identity formation but from different perspectives. We are different from other groups who

Hockey History Essay Example For Students

Hockey History Essay For more than a century, hockey historians have found that precisely tracing thesports origin is not only a difficult task but, a virtual impossibility. Therefore I can only try to deduce for myself, from the records, claims, andaccounts, which are available to me, when, where, and by whom the first icehockey was played. Ill also discuss the early problems and obstacles that theNHL encountered. Plus I will also tell a little bit about early equipment, alongwith early game play and ice conditions that players encountered. Lastly, theStanley Cup, which is the most prized and oldest sports award of the NHL. It hasbeen won many times, by many different teams. Ice hockey is traceable to gamesplayed on fields as far back as nearly 2500 years ago. In 478 BC, a Greeksoldier, Hemostocoles, built a wall in Athens which contained a sculpture sceneportraying two athletes in a faceoff-like stance holding sticks similar to thoselater used in field hockey. (Hubbard Fischler, page17) Perhaps nativeAmericans were the first to play hockey like games. The Indians of Canadainvented the field game lacrosse, which is known by the legislative act asCanada s and national sport. The Alogonquins who inhabited the shores the St. We will write a custom essay on Hockey History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lawrence River played an ice game that was similar to lacrosse called baggataway,played without skates and with an unlimited number of participants. Frenchexplorers who visited the St. Lawrence River area and northern areas of UnitedStates in the 1700s witnessed these matches. (Hubbard Fischler, page17)According to the dictionary of language of Micmacs Indians, published in 1888,the Micmacs of eastern Canada played an ice game called oochamkunutk,which was played with a bat or stick. Another ice game played by the Micmacs wasalchamadijik, which was referred to in legends of the Micmacs,issued in 1894. (Hubbard Fischler, page18-19) Early hockey-like games thatcame from across the Atlantic include the Field game Hurley from Ireland, fieldhockey from England, and the ice games English bandy and Kolven from Holland. Hurley is a ground game that is still popular in Ireland. It was originallyplayed by an unlimited number of players representing one parish againstanother. A flat field hockey-like stick and a large ball were used. Irishimmigrants, who came to work on the Shubenacadie Canal near Dartmouth, NovaScotia, in 1831, brought Hurley to Canada. Some believe that oochamkunutk isHurley on ice. (Dolan page 21-26) Field hockey was played in 1870 in England, aswell as Egypt and India. Although the rules for field hockey play a major rolein the early evolution of ice hockey in Canada. But most students of the gamedoubt that field hockey was the forerunner of ice hockey, for the reason thatboth sports started around the same time. Despite its overwhelming popularity asprimarily a womans sport in North America, field hockey didnt arrive inAmerica until 1901, (when Miss Constance Applebee of England arrived at Harvardsummer school and organized a game with the group of students and teachers. (Dolan page 29-31) The English played a game called Bandy, which is ahockey-like game, who have been playing it as far back as the late 18th centuryand it is still played today in Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the UnitedStates (Minnesota). Many of the stars of the early Soviet hockey teams had beenBandy players. It is played on a large sheet of ice with short sticks, a balland large goals. The Dutch, long known for their ice skating ability, haveplayed the game Kolven since the 1600s. It is played with a golf-like stick, aball, and posts stuck in the ice for goals. Evidence of this game can be seen itin 17th century Dutch paintings. Emigrants from Holland who settled in New YorkCity played the game in their new locale. Another hockey-like game played onboth sides of the Atlantic was shinny. It was played on the frozen pans of NorthAmerican and northern Europe (Scotland in particular). A block of wood or ofball served as a puck and a couple of a large rocks board chunks of wood wereused to mark-off the goals. For the faceoff players had to shinny on theirown side, which meant they had to take it right handed. Ever since theadvent of organized ice hockey, the name shinny has been used to describe onorganized will or sandlot (if you will) hockey. There is an ongoing debate amonghockey historians as to whether or not some of the first hockey everplayed claims where actually ice hockey or instead, one of hockey-likegames like shinny. The committee appointed of the Canadian Amateur HockeyAssociation Concluded that the first hockey was played in Halifax, Nova Scotia,in 1855, by the royal Canadian rifles, an imperial army unit stationed atKingston. Some believe the game they were playing was probably shinny. AnEnglish historian once claimed that the royal family created the game in theearly 1850s, on the lake behind Windsor Castle. But most likely the Britishroyalty was playing either shinny or a bandy-like game instead. Apart fromshinny, the precursor to ice ho ckey in the United States was ice polo, a purelyAmerican creation that was derived from the indoor sport of roller polo. . .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 , .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .postImageUrl , .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 , .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:hover , .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:visited , .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:active { border:0!important; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:active , .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0 .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28d379ff1de85e21be91b2e1c91546d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: C H E A T E R . C O M Essay(Hubbard Fischler, page 22-37) Ice polo was played on outdoor ice by theearly to mid-1880s in New England, Minnesota and Michigans Upper Peninsula. It was most likely played at first at St. Pauls school in Concord, NewHampshire, in the early 1880s. In 1883, a four-team ice polo league was formedin St. Paul, Minnesota. The formation of this league lead to the organization ofice polo tournament held annually in conjunction with the famous of St. Paulwinter carnival. By the turn of the century, ice hockey had replaced ice polo inthe U.S. (Fischler page 47) The first organized indoor ice hockey gamesupposedly took place in Canada on March 30, 1875. Montreals Victoria SkatingRink was the site of the game, which was organized by James Creighton, an iceHurley player from Halifax. After a local exhibition of ice lacrosse drewlittle, if any public interest. Creighton of or post ice hockey to instead andordered sticks to be shipped from Halifax to Montreal for the event. The gamewas played with nine-man sides on a surface that measured 80 ft by 204 ft. thecontest ended in at 2-1 in victory for Creightons teem and, believe it ornot the ga me included a fight! Shins and heads were battered, benchessmashed, and the lady spectators fled in confusion, reported the wiredispatch Kingstons Daily British Whig from Montreal. A terrible seen indeed,but there is a silver lining: we may not know when outdoor ice hockey began butwe do know that fighting in hockey is at least as old as its first indoor game. What I can determine, despite my inability to pinpoint where and by whom thefirst outdoor game was played, is that ice hockey is primarily on Canadiancreation. What I can also assume is that since humans have inhabited the Earth,they have invented, along with other recreational forms of entertainment andamusement, games, which have required, or better yet served, to fulfill mansneed for exercise. Whether there have been meadows, fields, parks and of backyards, games have been played. The same is true for ice, whether it be frozenponds, lakes, rivers, or even puddles. In the years following that first indoorgame, Canadians began to shape and hone the new sports to their liking. In 1876,the object being struck with sticks was referred to as the puck forthe first time, and 1877 saw the first publicized set of ice hockey rules, allseven of which were taken directly from field hockey. Further ideas and ruledecisions were adapted and made respectively by McGill University of students W. F. Robertson and R.F. Smith. Ice hockeys popularity at grew in Canada whereit soon became the Sport of choice a preference that had stuck to this day. NHL forward Brendan Shananhan summed up his countrys partiality for hockey in1996 when he stated: lacrosse is our national sport, the hockey is ourbeloved national sport. (Gretzky page 9 34) By 1883 there were threeteams in Montreal and one in Quebec City. Ice hockey first ever championshipseries was featured at the 1883 Montreal winter carnival with the McGillUniversity team taking top honors. Tournament rules called for seven men to aside and two 30-minute periods with a 10-minute intermission. The annualcarnival continues to feature the novel sport and served as a showcase forinnovations as well as I testing ground for rule revisions. By 1886, stick widthwas limited to 3 in. and pucks achieved their standard specs: 1 inches thick by3 in. in diameter and made of vulcanized rubber. Charles E. Courtney, a masterat the St. Pauls School, later brought these new standards for the tools ofthe game to the states. One of the first amateur leagues and Canada was theOntario Hockey s of Assoc iation founded in Toronto in 1890. It was divided intothree groups: junior, intermediate, and senior and. The OHA was responsible forproducing some of the games greatest players in those early days. In 1892Lord Stanley of Preston, the sixth to Governor General of Canada and an avid fanof the game, Sent his aide Captain Charles Colvill to England to purchase atrophy to be awarded annually to the amateur champions of Canada. For a mere 50pounds, Covill bought what has become the oldest and most this prestigioustrophy in North American sports. Governors Stanleys initiative was symbolicof the level of popularity the game had already achieved throughout the dominionof Canada. The coveted trophy soon became known as appropriately enough TheStanley Cup the area to this day is considered the ultimate gold in professionalhockey. It wasnt only men who chose to partake of this thrilling ice game; theyear 1890 also marked the time when the first organized and recorded all-femaleice hockey gam e took place in Ottawa, Ontario. Later, women would competeregularly in Bakers leagues which were organized in most ofCanadas major cities. Ice hockey continued to spread across Canada during theearly to mid- 1890s, when it was just beginning to filter into the UnitedStates. Scholars of the game have struggled to locate hockeys American rootsand, which have become of prime subject for debate. The transition from ice poloto ice hockey has clouded hockeys beginnings below the 49th parallel, leavingUncle Sam without a definite hockey birth certificate. In the summer of 1894,the group of Americana and Canadian tennis players competed in a tournament heldat Niagara Falls, New York. While attending an off-court social occasion, someAmericans and Canadians got around to comparing notes about winter sports. Bothwere surprise to find they were playing similar but different games on ice. Uponlearning that the Americans were playing ice polo instead of ice hockey, theCanadians invented their N orth American counterparts to visit Canada the nextwinter to play exhibition games of both sports against their border buddies. .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e , .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .postImageUrl , .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e , .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:hover , .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:visited , .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:active { border:0!important; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:active , .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubca3861f52016cdd705b7320f715c57e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Make Prostitution Legal EssayGeorge Wright, founder of Wright Ditson, a manufacturer and distributor ofathletic equipment, organize a series of double headers featuring both sports tobe played in Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston and Toronto. Each night the teams playedtwo periods each of polo and hockey, the former being played with five men to aside, the latter with seven. The Maple Leafs swept all four of the hockey gameswith the Yanks winning two and tying two of the polo matches. Capacity crowdswitnessed Americas discovery of the better ice game. Soon after, this greatnew sport spread like cancer. Hockey was becoming more and more popular inCanada and northern U.S. by the y ears. The sports growth in popularitybrought new ideas for the formation of a professional league, which would belater referred to as the NHL. The actual establishment of the NHL took a veryshort time, the whole thing boiled down to just one meeting on November 22, 1917at Montreal Windsor Hotel. (the league is born). This meeting consisted of NHAowners representing the Canadians, the Wanderers, the Quebec Bulldogs, and theOttawa Senators. (The NHA was an amateur league established before the NHL, inwhich Lord Stanleys Cup was awarded to the champion of the league). Theseteams and team owners came up with a radical plan in mind: the creation of newleague. They were tired of the NHAs problems. In time, it would become andthe worlds premier professional hockey league, with its teams playing bothCanada and the U.S. Between the moment of its founding and our time, it woulddivide its history into three eras-a struggling infancy, the golden and,simultaneously, dark years of youth and the g rowth two todays adulthood. Weturned now to the first of those eras. Even though launched with five teams, theNHL played its first season with just four. The reason: the Quebec Bulldogs hadbeen losing money in the recent difficult years and the owners, deciding thatenough was enough, elected to suspend operations for the time being. They thenhad to distribute their players among the other teams. (Official Guide Record Book page 136 137) The NHLs infant seasons land from 1917-18 to1924-25. They were to be years marked by financial pains, instances of superbplay, and the establishment of one as-yet to on broken record and moment ofterrible sadness in the Stanley cup play. 1917-18 after deciding to play a22-game season, the NHL went into action for the first time on December 19,1917, sending Montreal against Toronto, which was played on Torontos Homefacility, the only artificial-ice rink in the circuit at the time, (Montrealtook a 10-9 win). Unfortunately the game only attracted 700 f ans, despite thefact that men in uniform were admitted with no charge. The meager crowd left nodoubt that pro hockey, even under a new banner, was still suffering from thearmy scandal, most of the greatest players were off fighting at war. Again onthe disaster side, the Westmount Arena burned to the ground in early 1918. Montreal had not drawn good crowds during the season and with arena lost, theowners decided to call it quits. What has long been one of Canadas finestamateurs than professional teams came to an end. 1918-19, The NHL continues tosuffer bad times in the second season. Crowds remained sparse, even though theleague tried to elict interest by adopting new rules to make the game faster andmore interesting. During this season an very unusual thing had happened, for afirst time ever the Stanley cup was not awarded, the reason why it was notawarded is because Canada was in the midst of a lethal flu epidemic in the whichtouched the a Stanley cup teams. The flu sent many players to the hospital,tragically some of them died 6-8 weeks later. Therefore the competition was heldoff and a cup of was not awarded. Never again has the Stanley cup not beenawarded after post season. (Hubbard Fishler, page 55-68) Over the yearsthe NHL suffered similar obstacles, financial problems, wars, and the lack offa ns, to about the 1924-25 season. After that season times started to becomeeasier. More profit was being made by the owners, and more fans were attendingthe games. Hockey was becoming one of the most popular sports in all of Canada,which quickly spread to the U.S. Nowadays hockey is one of the most profitableand enjoyable sports throughout North America and Europe. Sports and Games

American Folk Music Essay Example For Students

American Folk Music Essay American music began to emerge almost as soon as the first Europeans and Africans arrived in the New World. Both the European settlers and African slaves brought instruments and musical traditions with them. The Europeans contributed fiddles and pianos, while Africans brought the knowledge of making and performing upon beanlike instruments with them. By the 19th century, these three instruments were played by black and white Americans, but often in different ways. In the early part of the 19th century the states east of Mississippi River dominated our country. Outside of New England, the Middle Atlantic States, along with the far Southwest, became the first extensively settled sections of the United States. Scotch, Irish and German pioneers settled in the mountains, far from the port cities and slowly growing cities. In the southwest, pioneering Spaniards gradually moved into what would become New Mexico and Arizona. Face-to-face communication among these settlers was normal. Many people remained illiterate or obtained the most meager formal education. As the United States emerged from the shadow of British domination, new hybrids began to emerge. The seeds of synchronization had been planted and the beginnings of distinctly American folk music could be heard in the first few decades of the 19th century. Outside of the major cities most of the United States remained a rural population. Musical activity was an important means of entertainment at home, at homes of neighbors and in church. The folk music of white and Hispanic Americans remains a complex, complicated topic involving a variety of vocal and instrumental traditions. The 18th- and early 19th- century musical styled largely followed the lead of Spain and British Isles, because of the ongoing domination by England of the eastern United States and the influence of Spaniards in the Southwest. Churchgoers sang ballads of British and Spanish origin entertained folks. The music of Africa were exceptionally diverse. Religious and public ceremonies were often called for music making. The primary instruments of West Africans were drums of varying sizes and shapes. African music became integrated into our musical fabric quickly. The acculturation in the West Indies took much longer. Africans brought to the South soon learned European culture. The south was also home to most of the slowly maturing black American music; it spawned most of the unique forms of American folk music, such as blues or gospel. What is today considered American folk music thus began as a mix of music from many countries, cultures, and work environments. Distinctions between folk and other genres were further eroded by singers who merged traditional folk with songs about political issues. This reached new heights with the folk revival of the sass and sass. The social and political issues at that time concerned the civil rights and the Vietnam War, inspired the rise of a style called protest music. Singers and composers like Pete Serge, Woody Guthrie, Bob Dylan and Joan Bake played music that was not strictly folk, but that owed a great deal to the folk tradition. The definition of American folk music expanded to include this new development. In the years since, the music has continued to evolve and change, influencing and being influenced by shifting tastes in the music world. While traditional ethnic folk music is still very much a part of it, American folk today includes much more as well. As a result, American folk music is far from dead. Instead of being something found between the dusty pages of a book or in a museum, folk continues to change in a new way. British Folk In the New World In the sass, when the first white colonists arrived in America, folk music of the British Isles was already hundreds of years old. As with any folk tradition, its exact singings cannot be dated with certainty. However, it was clearly ancient; many tunes familiar to the colonists can be traced back at least to the mid-sass. The music was richly diverse, because of regional differences. A) Instrumental Music Instrumental music was primarily for dancing. As in most cultures, dancing was a major form of entertainment for the working class that typified the early British immigrants. It was nearly always part of the festivities. The instruments used to play British folk dance music varied. The most common instrument was the fiddle. There were many styles within the broad category of dance tunes. One of the most moon was the reel- a fast paced dance, usually performed in couples, typically in 2/4 time. Another type of dance was the Gig- a solo dance, typically in 6/8 time. Still another common dance was the stratosphere- a slow dance from Scotland, usually played in 2/4 or 4/4 time. C) Singing Solo The second basic category of British folk music was the vocal song. Traditional British singing had strict rules. It should be performed solo and a capable, the singer used a nasal voice and was an oral historian, improvisation was not important. D) Ballads The ballad told a story. This was usually an exciting tale of legendary figures, great oversee or famous battles. Today about three hundred examples of these songs still exist, they are called the Child ballads (e. G. : Barbara Allen) e) Lyric Songs Generally speaking, lyric songs did not focus on storytelling. Instead, they expressed monologues. F) Work Songs and Broadsides Some traditional songs were used while working. For example immigrants from Scotland used walking songs. Songs of the sailors were called chanteys or shanties. All these songs are usually highly rhythmic, helping the workers stay together and keep their rhythms synchronized. G) Religious Music Early American settlers also sang songs of worship. The primary place for religious songs was in church. But people also sang them at home and in camp meetings. They enjoyed singing songs that used familiar tunes (such as folk tunes). A simple call- and- response system called lining out was used. Another technique was shape note singing, where you use different symbols to represent notes. H) Isolated Families thus grew accustomed to fending for themselves- and this, of course, included making own entertainment. Because of their isolation the music these people played remained relatively free of outside influence. There were no radio shows or big-city performers to introduce new songs. There were no phonograph records or radio broadcasts to influence playing styles. I) Alterations The music did not stay entirely pure, of course. Sometimes words or melodies were misheard or poorly remembered. They also took old melodies and fitted them with new lyric. The way of performance styles also changed. Appalachian fiddlers played their instruments in a different style and used other bows. J) String Bands Several instruments, rather than a single fiddle, became the norm for dance music. This development came about with the widespread adoption of the banjo and guitar. These three instruments together formed a string band. They became familiar sights at dances, at parties, or simply on front porches. K) Songs of pioneers New generations and new immigrants were continuing to push westward. A body of highly distinctive songs developed as pioneers settled these new regions. Musically these tunes were generally rooted in traditional British music, but lyrically they reflected the experiences of daily lived of the people who invented the. The songs told tales of bad weather, illness, great battles or dramatic love affairs. L) American Music Gradually, as the country itself grew, several strains of homegrown American music were developing. In some cases British- derived folk was being preserved more or less intact. In other cases, such as development of string bands and the songs of pioneers, it was developing in distinctly new and original ways. Slaves began arriving in America in the sass, mostly in the Deep South, which needed many people to produce tobacco, rice, cotton, etc. There was a little comfort in the bitter lives of slaves, but they did have one solace: a rich musical tradition. This music was crucial to their survival; it helped them keep part of their African identity alive and it let them maintain hope to face of inhuman treatment. This music influenced American music like no other. Music Appreciation Module EssayThey still played dance music, but altogether it as a spicier style, performed by small groups and typically featured by an accordionist, fiddle players, percussions and vocalists. The accordions used by the Cajuns were button accordions. C) Msick Texan West of Louisiana, meanwhile, another distinctive style was developing. Along the Texas-Mexico border, Texans- descendants of Spanish Mexican colonists- were, like the Cajuns, both preserving their traditional music and creating vibrant new styles. Collectively these styles were called msick Texan, translated informally as Tex-Meg music. It developed in several different ways. Requests Texans and conjunct are different well-known Tex-Meg formats. The instrumentation and many dance styles were influenced by the German immigrants in the late sass. D) Corridor Another classic form of Texas-Mexican folk music is the corridor, a type of ballad. Corridor used typically simple tunes and narrated stories. They were performed by wandering guitarist- singers or by migrant workers as they traveled the countryside. Ethnic groups like Cajuns and Texas Mexicans were not the only ones responsible for the distinctive styles of folk music developing in America. Sometimes laborers thrown gather by their shared work developed distinctive songs all on their own. Railroad workers and lumberjacks were two such groups. Many American sailor songs were adaptations of British sea chanteys. Not all sailor songs were for work times; sometimes they were simply for enjoyment. The cowboys of the Old West were perhaps, the most famous of all song-producing They had a potent impact on American society and folk music. They were ethnically diverse groups, like English and Irish, Hispanic, and American cowboys. New melodies were sometimes created, but often cowboys simple put new lyrics to existing melodies. They usually played easy-to-carry instruments like harmonicas and fiddles. Like all true folk songs, cowboy songs were anonymously written. G) Singing -or The cattle Cowboys sang for many of the usual reasons, especially to pass the time during the long hours on the Job or while sitting around a nighttime fire. However, one unusual situation was a frequent cause of cowboy song: Many of their performances were for audiences of cattle. Cowboys who had night shifts discovered that soft singing helped settle the animals and lessened the chances of a stampede. Cowboy songs ere usually more straightforward ballads, which concerned daily life and its pleasures, pains, dangers and rewards. H) Many Styles As groups like cowboys, Texans and Cajuns developed and preserved their music, other groups were also doing the same. In particular, new groups of immigrants arrived in America in massive waves during the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. Some of these new arrivals were from Asia, but most were European and Russian. Immigrants from places like Italy, Poland, France and Germany brought its own music: The Poles and Germans had their accordion-driven once tunes; the Italians had their sweet, sad mandolin songs; and the Jews had their vibrant sleeker music. The musical styles stayed separate, but it changed with the transportation. Musicians could travel around and began to influence each other. Improved technology in the form of radio and phonograph records had an effect on American folk music, because of destroying barriers between ethnic and national groupings. Better transportation was the first force of change to be felt. As roads and railroads improved, professional musicians moved more frequently between urban undo rural areas. Typically, these musicians belonged to traveling productions, such as the minstrel show. In these revues white musicians, dressed in black-face Joked and sang in parody of African American style. The shows provided white northern audiences with a humorous view. A) Minstrel Shows Minstrel show seem grotesquely racist from a modern standpoint, but they were an important part of Americas musical history. They were early instances of folk music crossing racial and social barriers, introducing elements of black culture. Minstrel shows continued into the early years of the twentieth century, although their popularity waned. Meanwhile, a new technology was transforming the way people listened to music. Though the recordings werent in the best standard, this development was revolutionary for musicians. The earliest recordings were too poor to record some music well, but by the sass the technology was much improved. As a The First Recorded Hillbillys Music Early commercial folk recordings were of traditional white music. The first may have been Texas fiddler Eek Robertsons Sallies Gooding in 1922. The next year a talent scout for Joke Records, Ralph Peer recorded songs. He also began making regular ours of the South and found a number of popular performers. At first no one knew exactly what to call the music. It was variously referred to as old-time southern tunes, hill country music, or simple old time music. But when Peer gave one of his groups the name Hill Bellies, this term became a catchall for all rural white music. Hill-Billy music was born. D) Race Records Meanwhile, record sales for other kinds of popular music were also booming. Recordings by musicians from Hawaii were as popular as recordings of Eastern European polkas. By far the biggest sellers were race records- all recordings by African Americans, including blues, spirituals and spoken sermons. Blues records were the big sellers. E) Radio During this period another invention was storming the country. In 1929 radio station KODAK in Pittsburgh made the first commercial broadcast. Radio was a sensation, and by 1923 most major American cities had their own stations. The magical new technology thus helped stitch the nation and its musical heritage, together. F) The Pry and The Blues Folk music was integral to radio from the beginning. Many stations featured regular live folk performances, especially hillbillys music. Most of these shows were popular only regionally, but some of these were also national popular- like the famous Grand Ole Pry on WAS in Nashville, Tennessee. Blues shows were also heard, although they were not regularly scheduled until the sass. The most famous was King Biscuit Time on station KAFKA in Helena, Arkansas. G) The Carters As radio expanded folks popularity and reach, the music began to change. For one thing, the term hillbillys was dropped in favor of country, which included the smoother, more pop-oriented music often featured on shows like Pry. One such group was the Carter family: Sara(author and lead vocal), her husband A. P. (bass vocals), and Saras cousin Amenable(guitar and vocals). Raised in Virginians Clinch Valley, the Carters were steeped in well-known old-time songs, and A. P. Was also a shrewd collector of more obscure tunes. Their records sold phenomenally well and many of the songs became familiar standards. H) The Singing Brakeman Another standout of the era was Jimmie Rodgers. His first recordings were made at the same time and place as the Carters: June 1927 in an old hat factory in Bristol. He was deeply influenced by African American folk music. Rodgers briefly worked for the aileron, but after contracting tuberculosis, he hasnt been able to do that and tried his hand at playing music professionally. Within a few years Rodgers was a national star. The Singing Brakeman, as he nicknamed for his former occupation, was a gifted songwriter and a warm inviting vocalist- especially when he let loose with his infectious yodel. I) Preserving Music Entrepreneurs were behind the booming sales of records by artists like Rodgers and the Carters. However, not everyone who recorded folk music had profit in mind. In particular, a small group o folklorists- scholars and serious collectors- sought to